高二英語必修五unit1語法總結(jié)
Unit1語法重點
非謂語動詞:todo/doing一、動詞不定式
不定式可以用來做主語、表語、定語、狀語、賓語、獨立成分,表示比較具體的意義。(1)做主語
①動詞不定式短語
Tomasteraforeignlanguageisnoeasyjob.Toseethisfilmistowastetime.Tosolvethisproblemisoutofthequestion
②為平衡整個句子,避免頭重腳輕,常用it做形式主語,而將真正主語不定式放后面,用于這種形式是一些特定的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
1)謂語部分是系表結(jié)構(gòu),表語是某些形容詞或名詞。例如:Itisfoolishtodointhisway.Itsoundsreasonabletodoitthisway.2)某些動詞做謂語時。例如:Ittookmuchtimetodothis.Itmakesusexcitedtothinkaboutthat.(2)做表語
表示打算、計劃、命令和要求,用于appear,seem,happen等系動詞后面Suchquestionsaretobeavoided.Whathesaidprovedtobetrue.Heseemstobeill.(3)做定語
做定語時不定式一般緊跟其所修飾名詞或代詞后面。例如:Hewasthefirstonetocomethismorning.Hedidn’thavethechancetogotoschoolinthepast.
如果不定式是不及物動詞時,應(yīng)注意其相應(yīng)介詞的搭配。例如:Hehasnothingtoworryabout.
Sheisaverynicepersontoworkwith.(4)作狀語
不定式作狀語可以表示目的、原因和結(jié)果。
①表目的常用inorderto,soasto,等結(jié)構(gòu)但soasto只能放在主句之后。Checkyourhomeworksoastoavoidmistakes.
Shegoeshome(inorder)toseehergrandmothereveryweek.
②表結(jié)果常用onlytodo,enoughtodo,too…todo等句型,不定式短語作結(jié)果狀語具有“意料之外”之意。
Heistooexcitedtospeakanything.
Ihurriedtohishouse,onlytofindhimout.③原因
Sheseemedsurprisedtoseeus.
Heissorryforwhathedidtothinkofhispast.
-不定式作方式狀語時,通常采用asif或asthough+to的結(jié)構(gòu),其意為“好像要……”。
Heraisedhishandasiftohitme.
Shetookoutapenandapieceofpaperasthoughtowritesomething.(5)做賓語①某些及物動詞要用動詞不定式作賓語,以下及物動詞常用動詞不定式作賓語:agree,ask,attempt,choose,continue,decide,desire,determine,expect,forget,
hope,,intend,learn,manage,mean,offer,prefer,,promise,refuse,try,want,wish等。例如:
②動詞不定式作賓語時,如其后有補足語,則可以用先行語it作形式賓語,而將真正賓語動詞不定式后移,用于該形式的常見動詞有:believe,consider,feel,guess,imagine,know,make,prove,realize,see,show,suppose,think,understand,find等。例如:Ifeltituselessforustosayanythingfurther.
Imadeitaruletogetupearly,takeacoldbath,andthendosomerunning.(6)做賓語補足語
①帶to的不定式做賓補
有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的及物動詞或短語可以接帶to的不定式做賓補。例如:Ishalltrytopersuadehertoseethedoctor.Thevillagersdidn’tallowthemtodothis.Iwillaskthemtoleavethecompany.Ishallpersuadehimtotakethemedicine.②不帶to的不定式做賓補
也有一些及物動詞后接不帶to的不定式作賓補,常見的有使役動詞類:make,let,have;感官動詞類:see,watch,lookat,notice,observe,hear,listento,smell,feel等。但在被動結(jié)構(gòu)中要帶to(let除外)。例如:Someonesawhimentermyroom.Hewasseentoentermyroom.Theboymadethebabylaugh.Thebabywasmadetolaugh(7)“疑問詞+不定式”相當(dāng)于這些疑問代詞和副詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。常見引導(dǎo)該形式的動詞有:decide,findout,forget,inquire,know,learn,remember,see,settle,think,在句子中可以做主語、賓語或表語。例如:
Whattodonexthasnotbeendecided.=Whatwilldonexthasnotbeendecided.Whatworriesmemostishowtodoit.=Whatworriesmemostishowwewilldoit.Idon’tknowwhentoleave.=Idon’tknowwhenwewillleave.
(10)動詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
①不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)做主語時,常見用兩種特定句型:“Itis+adj.for/ofsb.todosth.”和“Itis+n.ofsb.todosth”。例:
Itiseasyforustounderstandthesentence.Itiscleverofyoutodothat.
二、動名詞
動名詞是一種非謂語形式,起名詞的作用,但帶有動詞的特征,可以有自己的賓語和狀語,構(gòu)成動名詞短語。1.動名詞的用法(1)做主語
①動名詞做主語表示比較抽象、習(xí)慣性和經(jīng)常性的意義.例如:Sayingiseasierthandoing.Collectingstampsisagoodhobby.②為平衡整個句子,避免頭重腳輕,常用it做形式主語,而將真正主語不定式放后面,用于這種形式是一些特定的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
1)謂語部分是系表結(jié)構(gòu),表語是某些形容詞。例如:It’sinterestingplanningaholiday.It’srathertiringwalkingaroundinacity.2)當(dāng)use,good,waste,bore,fun,shame,encouragement,等名詞作表語時,通常用it作形式主語,把作為真正主語的動名詞后置。例如:
It’snousetalkingtohimagain.=Thereisnousetalkingtohimagain.It’snogoodrefusingtodoit.=Thereisnogoodrefusingtodoit.
(2)作賓語
某些動詞或短語動詞后面可以接動名詞,見下表:特定動詞+doingavoid,admit,advise,allow,permit,bear,stand,delayconsider,complete,finish,risk,mind,miss,imagine,enjoy,,practise,suggest等短語動詞+doingbeworth,can’thelp,can’tstand,feellike,insiston,succeedin,giveup,spend/wastetime/money(in),have/finddifficulty/trouble/time(in)等①放在介詞on;upon,after等后面時,例如:OnarrivingBeijing,hewenttoseehisfriend.
Afterstandinginthequeueforhours,wegotgoodseats.③有些后面可跟動名詞也可以跟不定式,意義區(qū)別不大。常見的動詞有:start,like,hate,love,continue,prefer,attempt,intend,propose等。Hebeganlearning(tolearn)Englishattheageoffive.
④有些動詞后面可跟動名詞也可以跟不定式,意義區(qū)別大。見下表:
trytodosth.(努力去做)trydoingsth.(試著、嘗試做)remembertodosth(記得要做)rememberdoingsth.(記得做過)forgettodosth.(忘記要做某事)forgetdoingsth.(忘記做過某事)meantodosth.(打算做某事)meandoingsth.(意味著)can’thelptodosth.(不能幫助做某事)can’thelpdoingsth.(禁不住做某事)stoptodosth.(停下來去做另一件事)stopdoingsth.(停止做某事)goontodosth.(接下來做另一件事)goondoingsth.(繼續(xù)做同一件事)regrettodosth(遺憾要做某事)regretdoingsth(后悔做過某事)(3)作表語
相當(dāng)于名詞,說明主語動作的情況和狀態(tài)。例如:
MyjobisteachingEnglish.
Herjobistakingcareofthechildren.
Ourdutyisservingthepeople.=Ourdutyistoservethepeople.(4)作定語
說明所修飾詞的性質(zhì),具有名詞的性質(zhì),它同所修飾的名詞間不存在主謂關(guān)系。alivingroom=aroomforlivingaswimmingpool=apoolforswimmingawalingstick=astickforwalking
(5)動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
動名詞之前的名詞,如果是有生命的,通常用所屬格表示,如果是無生命的,則用通格表示,現(xiàn)在有一種趨勢用名詞和代詞代替所有格。Hiscomingwon’thelpmuch.Theyinsistedonourstayingthere.DoyourememberMarycomingtoseeyou?Idon’tmindyour(you)smoking.
Wearehappyabouthiscomingtoseeus.Heinsistedonbeingsenttothehardarea.
(6)動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義
①beworth后接動名詞時。
Thisbookiswellworthreading.=Thebookisworthtoberead.
②need,want,require,bear,stand等動詞后面可用動名詞的主動式表被動意義,但用不定式時則只能用被動形式。
Theoldmanneedslookingafter/tobelookedafter.
Exercise
從A、B、C、D四個選項中,選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。
1.Shesaidshe___heruncleverymuchandhoped____him.A.missed,tohearfromB.missed,tohearC.misses,hearingfromD.misses,hearing
2.______aliving,shehadtoworkfrommorningtillnight.A.TomakeB.madeC.MakingD.Tohavemade
3.MrsBrownregretted____hisson.A.beatedB.beatingC.beatD.beaten
4.Ioftenhearhim___aboutthegreatwriter.A.totalkB.talkC.speakingD.totell
5.Missingthelastbusmeans___home.A.towalkB.walkingC.walkedD.walk
6.Pauldoesn"thavetobemade____.Healwaysworkshard.A.studyB.tostudyC.studiedD.studying
7.Itwasunbelievablethatthefanswaitedoutsidethegymforthreehoursjust____alookatthesportsstarts.A.hadB.havingC.tohaveD.have
8.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim__.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donot9.Ididn"thearyoucomeinlastnight.That"sgood.Wetired___noisy.A.nottoB.tobenotC.tobeD.nottobe
10.IhearthatyouandFranciswillspendyourvacationinNepalnextspring.Yes,weareplanning_____.
A.toB.tobeC.itD.todoit
11.IcanhardlyimaginePeter____acrosstheAtlanticOceaninfivedays.A.sailB.tosailC.sailingD.tohavesailed
12.Thelightintheofficeisstillon.Oh,Iforgot_____A.turningitoffB.turnitoffC.toturnitoffD.havingturneditoff13.Iwouldappreciate____backthisafternoon.A.youtocallB.youcallC.yourcallingD.you’recalling
14.Howaboutthetwoofus____awalkdownthegarden?A.TotakeB.takeC.takingD.tobetaking
15.Imustapologizefor____aheadoftime.That’allright.A.lettingyounotknowB.notlettingyouknowC.lettingyouknownotD.lettingnotyouknow
16.Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.Well,nowIregret____that.A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone
17.Hehasalwaysinsistedonhis___DrTurnerinsteadofMrTurner.A.beencalledB.calledC.havingcalledD.beingcalled
18.Doyoumind___aloneathome?A.JaneleavingB.JanehavingleftC.Jane’sbeingleftD.Janetobeleft
19.Shelooksforwardeveryspringto___theflower-linedgarden.A.visitB.payingavisitC.walkinD.walkingin
20.Onceyourbusinessbecomesinternational,___constantlywillbepartofyourlife.A.youflyB.yourflightC.flightD.flying21.Whileshopping,peoplesometimescan’thelp___intobuyingsomethingthey
don’treallyneed.A.topersuadeB.persuadingC.beingpersuadedD.bepersuaded
22.WhatdoyouthinkmadeMarysoupset?___hernewbicycle.A.AsshelostB.LostC.LosingD.Becauseoflosing23.Letmetellyousomethingaboutthejournalists.Don’tyouremember___thestoryyesterday?A.toldB.tellingC.totellD.tohavetold
24.Onelearnsalanguagebymakingmistakesand___them.A.correctB.CorrectingC.correctsD.tocorrect
25.Fishingishisfavoritehobby,and____.A.he’dliketocollectcoinaswellB.hefeelslikecollectingcoins,tooC.tocollectcoinsisalsohishobbyD.collectingcoinsalsogiveshimgreatpleasure
擴展閱讀:譯林牛津版高二英語必修五unit1 知識點及語法總結(jié)
譯林牛津版高二英語必修五unit1知識點及語法總結(jié)
Welcometotheunit&Reading
I.重點單詞
1.betray.vt.
1)出賣;背叛
Hewouldratherdiethanbetrayhiscountrytotheenemy.2)顯露;泄露
Theexpressiononherfacebetraysheranger.2.pretend.vt/vi
1)vt.假裝,佯裝,后接不定式和從句做賓語。Shepretendedtobereading.她假裝在看書。2)vi.假裝
Shewasn’treallycrying,shewasonlypretending.3.admit.vt
1)承認;供認
admitdoingsth.承認做某事admittosb.向某人承認Headmittedhiscrime.2)許可進入,準(zhǔn)許進入
admitsb.to/into---接納某人進入...;吸收某人參加...HeisadmittedtoNanjingUniversitythisyear.3)容納,容許
Thecinemaadmitsabout201*people.
4)admitof容許有;有...可能;容有...的余地Hisillnessadmitsofnodelay.4.swear.vt/vi發(fā)誓;鄭重承諾;咒罵
sweartosb./swearthat從句向某人承諾發(fā)誓swearswore---sworn5.focus.n/vt/vi1)n.焦點,注意力
putfocuson集中注意力于…..2)vi/vt
focuson集中注意力于….近義詞組:concentrateonpayfullattentiontodevote…to
6.guilty.adj有罪的1)beguiltyof“犯了罪”
Intheprocessofgainingourrightfulplace,wemustnotbeguiltyofwrongfuldeeds.2)befoundguilty被判決有罪Maggiecouldbesentencedtouptothreeyearsinprisionif(hewas)foundguilty.7.remark.Vt/n評論
makeremarksonsth=makecommentsonsth對…作出評論8.apologize.vi道歉
apologizetosb=makeanapologytosb向某人道歉9.sensitive.adj敏感的;體貼的besensitiveto對…體貼,敏感10.blame.n/vt責(zé)備
1)n.putblameonsb責(zé)備某人2)vt.blamesbforsth因某事責(zé)備某人blamesthonsb把某事歸咎于某人Heblamedhisfaiureonhisteacher.
sbbetoblame=sbshouldbeblamed主動形式表被動Youaretoblame.你應(yīng)該受責(zé)備。11.gifted.adj=talented有天賦的1)begiftedfor/as有…天賦2)haveagiftfor有…天賦
II.重點詞組
1.begsbtodosth懇求某人做某事2.stareat凝視
glareat怒視gazeat瞪眼看
3.keepone’sword守諾言
breakone’sword食言haveawordwith與…交談haveawordswith與…吵架4.feellikedoing想要做某事
soundlike聽起來像5.gostraightto徑直去…6.spyon監(jiān)視
watchover看管
7.keeppacewith與…協(xié)調(diào)一致
keepupwith跟上8.asaresultof由于
becauseof=dueto=owingto由于asaresult結(jié)果resultin導(dǎo)致
resultfrom源于,由于9.turninto轉(zhuǎn)變成
turnup出現(xiàn),出席turnout結(jié)果是turnsbdown拒絕turnaround轉(zhuǎn)身;逆轉(zhuǎn)turnto轉(zhuǎn)向10.aswellas和
aswell也mayaswell不如不妨
11.shoutat朝…大喊(生氣,憤怒)shoutto朝…大喊(指遠處)
12.makesomecruelremarks咒罵某人,說壞話13.eventhough即使
14.cannothelpdoingsth禁不住做某事
can’thelpbutdosth只好做某事can’thelptodosth不能幫助做某事15.accusesbofsth指控某人某事
inform..of…告知approve…of同意warn…of…警告
III.重點句式
1.Imusthavesoundedveryproudofmyselfafterthequiz,sayinghoweasyitwasandhowIwassuretogetagoodmark.(page2)
(1)“must+完成時”表示對過去事情語氣比較肯定的推測。對現(xiàn)在推測,用mustbe.Theymusthavebeenlaughingbehindmyback.(page2)他們在我背后一定是笑得合不攏嘴。
①“must+完成時”結(jié)構(gòu)的反義疑問句,疑問部分應(yīng)根據(jù)must后的動詞形式采用相應(yīng)的形式,可用have(has),也可用did。但若句中出現(xiàn)了過去時間狀語,則只能用did。Hemusthavereadit,hasn’t/didn’the?他一定讀過它,是嗎?Hemusthaveleftyesterday,didn’the?他昨天一定走了,是嗎?
②表示推測的否定結(jié)構(gòu)要用“cannot/can’t”,或者是can+其他具有否定意義的副詞。例如:
Youcan’tbetiredyou’veonlybeenworkingforanhour.你不可能疲倦,你只工作了一小時。(2)…..,sayinghoweasyitwasandhowIwassuretogetagoodmark是非謂語動詞doing做原因狀語;howeasyitwasandhowIwassuretogetagoodmark是how引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句做say的賓語。
2.IthoughtthatHannahmusthavetoldeveryoneaboutmygradesafterpromisingmenotto.(page2)
1)musthavetold表示對過去推測;
2)afterpromisingmenotto=aftershepromisednottotellanyone.
a.after引導(dǎo)的狀語從句,當(dāng)從句的主語she與主句的主語Hannah一致時,從句的she可以省略,同時從句的謂語動詞promised要變成非謂語形式promising;
b.promisingmenotto屬于todo不定式省略動詞do的情況,在某些動詞后,如:promise,like,hope,want等,為避免與上一句todo中的動詞重復(fù),可省略to后的動詞。
3.IcannothelpwonderingifhewantsPetertobehisbestfriendinsteadofme.(page3)
1)ifhewantsPetertobehisbestfriendinsteadofme為wonder的賓語從句
2)wondervt.(對)...感到奇怪;想知道,不知道
①Iwonderif/whetheryou…可用來客氣地提出請求;wonder后可接其他連接詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。例如:
Iwonderifyou’dgivemesomeadvice.
Iwonderwhoheis,wherehecamefromandwhyhecame.②wonder后可接“疑問詞+動詞不定式”作賓語:例如:Theywaitedandwonderedwhattodo.
③thereisnowonderthat從句:難怪…….
Thereisnowonderthatyouwerelateforschool,foryourbikebrokedown.4.Heaccusemeofsomebadthingsjusttohurtme.(page3)1)accusesbofsth=chargesbwithsth指控某人….
2)justtohurtme屬于非謂語todo形式,在句中做目的狀語,類似的詞組還有:onlyto(表示出乎意料的結(jié)果),inorderto/soasto(表示目的)
5.Ifso,theproblemlieswithyou,nother.(page5)
(1)Ifso是個條件從句,so代替上文內(nèi)容。not也有同樣用法,構(gòu)成省略句式:ifnot。又如:
Shemaynotbefreetoday.她今天可能沒空。
Ifso,we’llhavetoputthemeetingoff.如果是這樣,這會就得延后了。
Getupearlytomorrow,ifnot(youdon’tgetupearly),youwillmissthefirstbus.明天你得早起,否則(你不早起),你會錯過首班車。(2)liewith“是的責(zé)任;取決于”。例如:
Thesolutiontotheproblemlieswithyou.解決該問題的辦法落在你的肩上。
7.Ihavenodoubthewillsucceed.(page7)
doubt作名詞常用句型
①havenodoubt意為“毫無疑義;毫無疑問”,其中doubt是名詞。例如:Iforonehavenodoubtthathe’slying.
②Thereisnodoubtthat…“毫無疑問……”,that從句是同位語從句。例如:ThereisnodoubtthatMaryisqualifiedforthejob.③no/without/beyonddoubt“無疑地;必定”Thetruthofthereportisbeyondalldoubt.
Hewaswithoutdoubttheveryworstkindofreporter.Thosewholeftwereattracted,nodoubt,byhigherpay.
Task&Project
I.重點單詞
1.acquaintance.n泛泛之交makeacquaintancewithsb結(jié)識某人2.anchor.n.錨;vt.扎根于beanchoredin=bebasedon根植于3.attitude.n.看法,態(tài)度havepositiveattitudetowardssth/sb4.cautious.adj小心謹(jǐn)慎的becautiousabout=becarefulaboutcaution.N小心5.eager.adj急切的
beeagertodo=bedyingfor=longfor=lookforwardtoeagerness.N
6.respond.vi回應(yīng),回復(fù)respondto回復(fù)replyto回應(yīng)reactto回應(yīng)response.n回復(fù)
inresponsetosth對…做出回復(fù)7.mercy.n仁慈
atthemercyof在…的支配下8.committed.adj盡心盡力的
becommittedtodoingsth=bedevotedtodoing=beabsorbedindoing=concentrateondoing=bebentondoing=beoccupiedindoing投入做某事commit.Vt致力于
committodoingsth致力于做某事committosth致力于某事commitsuicide自殺commitcrime犯罪
9.regardless.Adv不管,不顧regardlessof=indespiteof=despite+名詞或名詞性從句,意為“盡管”regard.Vt看做
regard…as=thinkof…as=lookon…as=consider…asII.
重點詞組
1.getthrough接通電話;渡過geton/alongwith與…相處getover克服getacross使…明白2.beanchoredin根植于3.bebasedon以…為基礎(chǔ)sbbase…on…某人把…基于…之上onthebasisof在…的基礎(chǔ)上4.regardlessof不管不顧5.endup結(jié)果
endup+形容詞/done/doing/介詞短語,表結(jié)果是……endin結(jié)果是intheend最后6.relyon依賴dependon依賴依靠7.thanksto幸虧butfor=thanksto+名詞
表示與事實相反時,主句用虛擬語態(tài),例如:Thankstoyourhelp,wewouldnothavefinishedthetask.8.getalongwith與…相處getalongwithsb與某人相處getalongwithsth某事進展
9.havedifferentattitudestowards對…有不同的看法10.becautiousabout對…小心謹(jǐn)慎11.beeagerto急切盼望….12.onthewaytosp在去…的路上onthewaytodoing即將….inthisway如此一來intheway擋道,礙事
13.haveaquarrelwith與某人爭吵quarrelwithsb與某人爭吵14.makeanapology道歉apologizetosb道歉15.inconclusion總結(jié)inaword總之inshort簡言之inall總共inbrief簡言之16.lookbackon回顧lookthrough看穿;瀏覽lookdownupon小看,瞧不起lookupto敬仰lookinto調(diào)查III.
重點句式
1.Theyarestillsittingonthesofa,continuingthesameconversationonthesametopic.continuingthesameconversationonthesametopic,在句中作伴隨狀語,主句主語they與continue是主謂關(guān)系,故用doing非謂語形式。2.Whenasked,theyusuallyhesitatebeforeresponding.
此句完整形式為Whentheywereasked,theyusuallyhesitatebeforetheyrespond.屬于狀語從句的省略,當(dāng)狀從的主語與主句的主語一致時,從句的主語可省略,從句的謂語動詞變?yōu)榉侵^語動詞形式。
3.Wehavetorealize:boysshareactivities,whilegirlssharefeelings.1)while意為“然而”,并列連詞表對比轉(zhuǎn)折。
2)while還可意為“盡管”,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句=though,例如:whiletheweatheristerrible,theystillarrivedhereontime
4.Thequalitiesthatboysandgirlsconsiderimportantinafriendseemtobethesame,
regardlessofthebasisofthesefriendship.
1)thatboysandgirlsconsiderimportantinafriend是定語從句,先行詞是qualities;2)seemtodo表示“似乎,好像”,屬于todo非謂語形式,其形式還有:seemtobe
doing(表進行時態(tài))/seemtohavedone(表示過去已完成)3)regardlessof表示盡管,做讓步狀語。
5.Iendupreturningtothetrainstationandspendingtherestofthedayinthewaiting
room.endup+形容詞/done/doing/介詞短語,表結(jié)果是……,例如:1)Heendsupsuccessfulafteryearsofefforts.
2)Heendsupinprisonbecausehewaschargedwithrobbery.3)Heendsupfinishingthetaskaheadoftime.4)Hiseffortsenduppaidoff.
6.Friendshipmeansbeingcommittedtoothers.1)mean.vt.意謂,想要,預(yù)定vi.用意,有意義meantodosth.打算做某事meandoingsth.意味著做某事Imeanttogiveyouthisbooktoday,butIforgot.Hemeansthishouseforhisdaughter.習(xí)慣用語:
bemeanttodo照道理,照規(guī)矩;應(yīng)該,必須;得要;Hewasmeantfor/tobeadoctor.meansb.for準(zhǔn)備讓某人干某工作
meanmuchtosb.對某人很重要;對某人很可貴meanagreatdeal
mean.adj.低劣的,卑鄙的,普通的,吝嗇的,簡陋的,不舒服的Peter"sfatherwasverymean;henevergavePeteranynewclothes.2)becommittedtosb表示對某人很投入,真誠7.Thebestwaytohaveafriendistobeafriend.
tohaveafriend系todo非謂語形式做后置定語;tobeafriend是todo非謂語形式做表語。Grammar:todo/doing
語法知識:非謂語動詞一、動詞不定式TheInfinitiveFormofVerbs
動詞不定式是非謂語動詞形式之一,它不能充當(dāng)謂語,但具有謂語動詞的主要特征,即時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化;可以有自己的賓語和狀語,構(gòu)成不定式短語。1.不定式的形式肯定式否定式進行體完成體被動式完成被動式todosth.nottodosth.tobedoingsth.tohavedonesth.tobedonetohavebeendoneHe’dliketoplaybasketballthisafternoon.Noonelikestobelookeddownupon.Hepretendedtobereadingwhentheteachercamein.Heseemedtohaveknowntheresult.Hecertainlydeservestobesenttoprison.Heseemstohavebeenelectedamodelworker.2.不定式的用法
不定式可以用來做主語、表語、定語、狀語、賓語、獨立成分,表示比較具體的意義。(1)做主語
①動詞不定式短語
Tomasteraforeignlanguageisnoeasyjob.Toseethisfilmistowastetime.Tosolvethisproblemisoutofthequestion
②為平衡整個句子,避免頭重腳輕,常用it做形式主語,而將真正主語不定式放后面,用于這種形式是一些特定的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
1)謂語部分是系表結(jié)構(gòu),表語是某些形容詞或名詞。例如:Itisfoolishtoactinthisway.Itsoundsreasonabletodoitthisway.Itappearslikelyforthemtoarrive.Itisagoodideatothinkthisway.
2)某些動詞做謂語時。例如:Ittookmuchtimetodothis.Itmakesusexcitedtothinkaboutthat.Itneedshardworktofinishthejob.Itdoesnogoodtosaylikethat.
(2)做表語
表示打算、計劃、命令和要求,有時可見用appear,seem,happen等做系動詞,常做主語的名詞有:wish,aim,duty,hope,idea,mistakes,plan,purpose,suggestion.等抽象名詞,也可以是what引導(dǎo)的主語從句。例如:
Suchquestionsaretobeavoided.Whathesaidprovedtobetrue.Heseemstobeill.
(3)做定語
做定語時不定式一般緊跟其所修飾名詞或代詞后面。例如:Hekeptonsayingreallymeanthingtohurtme.Hewasthefirstonetocomethismorning.Hedidn’thavethechancetogotoschoolinthepast.
如果不定式是不及物動詞時,應(yīng)注意其相應(yīng)介詞的搭配。例如:Hehasnothingtoworryabout.
Sheisaverynicepersontoworkwith.
Therewasonlyasmallcoldroomtoliveinatthattime.
(4)作狀語
不定式作狀語可以表示目的、原因和結(jié)果。
①表目的常用inorderto,soasto,so+形容詞/副詞+asto,such+名詞+asto等結(jié)構(gòu)但soasto只能放在主句之后。
Checkyourhomeworksoastoavoidmistakes.
Shegoeshome(inorder)toseehergrandmothereveryweek.
②表結(jié)果常用onlytodo,enoughtodo,too…todo等句型,不定式短語作結(jié)果狀語具有“意料之外”之意。
Heistooexcitedtospeakanything.
Ihurriedtohishouse,onlytofindhimout.③原因
Sheseemedsurprisedtoseeus.
Heissorryforwhathedidtothinkofhispast.
④不定式作條件狀語時謂語動詞通常含有will,shall,should,would,can,must等。
Youwilldobettertogethersupport.
Youmustgetupearlynottomissthetrain.⑤不定式作方式狀語時,通常采用asif或asthough+to的結(jié)構(gòu),其意為“好像要……”。
Heraisedhishandasiftohitme.
Shetookoutapenandapieceofpaperasthoughtowritesomething.
(5)做賓語
①某些及物動詞要用動詞不定式作賓語,以下及物動詞常用動詞不定式作賓語:agree,ask,attempt,begin,care,choose,continue,decide,desire,determine,expect,forget,hate,hope,,intend,learn,like,love,manage,mean,offer,prefer,pretend,,promise,refuse,start,try,want,undertake,wish等。例如:IwanttotellyouaboutZhaoJie.(page7)
Weagreedtomeetherebutsofarshehasn’tturnedupyet.Marybeggedtogowithus.
②動詞不定式作賓語時,如其后有補足語,則可以用先行語it作形式賓語,而將真正賓語動詞不定式后移,用于該形式的常見動詞有:believe,consider,declare,feel,guess,imagine,judge,know,make,prove,realize,report,see,show,suppose,think,understand,find等。例如:
Ifeltituselessforustosayanythingfurther.
Imadeitaruletogetupearly,takeacoldbath,andthendosomerunning.Iconsideritbetternottogo.
(6)做賓語補足語
①帶to的不定式做賓補
有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的及物動詞或短語可以接帶to的不定式做賓補。例如:Ishalltrytopersuadehertoseethedoctor.Thevillagersdidn’tallowthemtodothis.Iwillaskthemtoleavethecompany.Ishallpersuadehimtotakethemedicine.Hecalledonhisfriendstohelphim.②不帶to的不定式做賓補
也有一些及物動詞后接不帶to的不定式作賓補,常見的有使役動詞類:make,let,have;感官動詞類:see,watch,lookat,notice,observe,hear,listento,smell,feel等。但在被動結(jié)構(gòu)中要帶to(let除外)。例如:Someonesawhimentermyroom.Hewasseentoentermyroom.Theboymadethebabylaughbymakingafaceathim.Thebabywasmadetolaughbymakingafaceathim.
(7)“疑問詞+不定式”相當(dāng)于這些疑問代詞和副詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。常見引導(dǎo)該形式的動詞有:decide,findout,forget,inquire,know,learn,remember,see,settle,think,understand,wonder等,在句子中可以做主語、賓語或表語。例如:
Whattodonexthasnotbeendecided.=Whatwilldonexthasnotbeendecided.Whatworriesmemostishowtodoit.=Whatworriesmemostishowwewilldoit.Idon’tknowwhentoleave.=Idon’tknowwhenwewillleave.
Itisnotyetdecidedwhethertodiscussthis.=Itisnotyetdecidedwhetherwewilldiscussthis.
(8)不定式的省略
動詞不定式中再次出現(xiàn)與前面相同的動詞只留下不定式符號to,省略其他以避免重復(fù)。例如:
IthoughtthatHannahmusthavedeliberatelytoldeveryoneaboutmymarkafterpromisingnotto(telleveryoneaboutmymark).
Wewon’ttellanyoneaboutyourcallunlessyouwantusto(tellanyoneaboutyourcall).Willyoujoinus?
Ishouldloveto(joinyou).
Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreetbuthismothertoldhimnotto(ridehisbicycleinthestreet).(9)不定式的主動形式表被動意義
①不定式作定語時,若其邏輯主語是句子主語或賓語時,則可以用主動式表示被動!璽heimportantthingtorememberisthatbothofthemarefriendships.(page18)②但有時既可用主動形式也可用被動形式,意思不太一樣。比較:Haveyouanythingtosend?(tosend的執(zhí)行者是“你”。)
Haveyouanythingtobesent?(tobesent的動作執(zhí)行者是“他人”。)
③形容詞easy,difficult,hard,cheap,expensive,fit,nice,dangerous,comfortable,exciting,funny,heavy,important,good,interesting等后面接不定式作狀語時,常用主動形式表被動意義,可用it做形式主語的句型替換。
Thisbookiseasytoread.=Itiseasytoreadthebook.(這本書很容易讀。)
Wefoundthemandifficulttodealwith.=Itisdifficultforustodealwiththeman.(我發(fā)現(xiàn)這個人很難對付。)
④在too…to…中,不定式的主動式可以表示被動意義。Theplaneistoofarawaytosee.
(10)動詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
①不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)“forsb.todosth.”可充當(dāng)多種句子成分。一般情況下,不定式動作的執(zhí)行者就是句子的主語。有時不定式的動作執(zhí)行者不是句子的主語,此時不定式forsb.來充當(dāng)不定式todosth.的邏輯主語。例如:Idon’tthinkitadvisableforhimtolearnmedicine.(賓語)Thisisforyoutodecide.(表語)
Shewavedtheredflagforthecartostop.(狀語)
Thearticleistoodifficultforachildoftentounderstand.(狀語)Theorderforthemtoclimbthemountainwasgiven.(定語)Forachildtolearneverythingisimpossible.(主語)
②不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)做主語時,常見用兩種特定句型:“Itis+adj.for/ofsb.todosth.”和“Itis+n.ofsb.todosth”。
1)在“Itis…for/ofsb.todosth.”句型中,forsb.和ofsb.有區(qū)別。forsb.前應(yīng)是表事物性質(zhì)的形容詞如easy,important,necessary,possible等,sb和這些形容詞邏輯主謂關(guān)系不能成立。而ofsb.前應(yīng)是表性格特征的形容詞如good,kind,nice,brave,clever,careless,foolish,silly,stupid等,其邏輯主謂關(guān)系能夠成立。例:Itiseasyforustounderstandthesentence.
Weareeasy邏輯主謂關(guān)系不能成立故用介詞for。Itiscleverofyoutodothat.
Youareclever邏輯主謂關(guān)系能夠成立故用介詞of。Itisright/wrongfor/ofyoutodothat.
形容詞right,wrong后接forsb和ofsb都對。
2)“Itis+n.ofsb.todosth”句型中常見名詞多是抽象名詞如
pleasure,pity,mistake,honor等,不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)其實對抽象名詞做了細節(jié)說明。例如:
Itisagreatmistakeforthemtoagreewithyou.
Itisamatterofhonorforustokeepourstandardsashighaspossible.Itisagreatpleasureformetolivewithyou.(11)不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)
①動詞不定式有不同的時態(tài)。說明行為在謂語動詞所表示的行為之后,多數(shù)一是那些表愿望的詞:want;hope;expect等。般說明行為與謂語動詞表示的行為同時發(fā)生,多式數(shù)是些省略不定式符號的詞,一般是復(fù)合賓語。完說明行為動詞在謂語動詞表示的行為動詞之前成發(fā)生。式進不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表行示的動作同時發(fā)生。它強調(diào)不定式動作正在進式行或持續(xù)進行。
二、動名詞
動名詞是一種非謂語形式,起名詞的作用,但帶有動詞的特征,可以有自己的賓語和狀語,構(gòu)成動名詞短語。1.動名詞的形式:肯定式否定式完成體被動式完成被動式doingsth.notdoingsth.havingdonesth.beingdonehavingbeendoneItwillbenicegettingscholarshipstotheuniversity.Iamsorryfornothavingkeptmypromise.Irememberhavingaskedhertowaitus.Idon’tlikebeingleftathomeintheevening.Thehouseshowednosignofhavingbeendamaged.
2.動名詞的用法
動名詞句法作用表
句子成分主語直接賓語賓短語動詞賓語語介詞賓語表語定語例句Swimmingisabestsportinsummer.Thereisnotellingwhatwillhappen.Weenjoyedseeingthefilm.Iamthinkingoftakingoverthejob.Afterhavingfinishedhiswork,hewenthome.Whatlikebestisswimminginthesea.Helookedmewithquestioningeyes.Iwanttogohome.Ihopetoseeyou.Isawhimcomein.Hehelpedhim(to)carrythings.I"msorrytohavetroubledyou.Heissaidtohavecomehere.Heseemedtohaveknownit.Theyseemedtobegettingalongquitewell.=Itseemedthattheyweregettingalongquitewell.(1)做主語
①動名詞做主語表示比較抽象、習(xí)慣性和經(jīng)常性的意義,在傳統(tǒng)語法上和不定式做主語表具體意義有區(qū)別,隨著語言不斷進步,這種區(qū)別正在逐漸消失。例如:Movingtoanewtownorareacanbeatryingtime.(page12)Sayingiseasierthandoing.Collectingstampsisagoodhobby.②為平衡整個句子,避免頭重腳輕,常用it做形式主語,而將真正主語不定式放后面,用于這種形式是一些特定的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
1)謂語部分是系表結(jié)構(gòu),表語是某些形容詞。例如:
It’sinterestingplanningaholiday.It’srathertiringwalkingaroundinacity.2)當(dāng)use,good,waste,bore,fun,shame,encouragement,等名詞作表語時,通常用it作形式主語,把作為真正主語的動名詞后置。例如:It’snousetalkingtohimagain.=Thereisnousetalkingtohimagain.It’snogoodrefusingtodoit.=Thereisnogoodrefusingtodoit.Itisawasteoftimetryingtoreasonwithhim.It’sfunhavingguestsfortheweekend.
It’ssuchanencouragementbeingabletopassalltheexams.
③在“Therebeno+主語”這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,通常用動名詞做主語,而不用不定式。這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示“不可能、無法”,相當(dāng)于“Itisimpossibletodosth”。例如:Thereisnogettingalongwithhim.=Itisimpossibletogetalongwithhim.
(2)作賓語
某些動詞或短語動詞后面可以接動名詞,見下表:特定動詞+doingavoid,admit,advise,allow,permit,bear,stand,delayconsider,complete,finish,risk,dislike,escape,mind,excuse,miss,imagine,enjoy,excuse,practise,suggest等短語動詞+doingbeworth,can’thelp,can’tstand,feellike,insiston,succeedin,giveup,spend/wastetime/money(in),have/finddifficulty/trouble/time(in)等慣用語或短語動詞中含介詞to+doingpay/draw/get/attract(one’s)attentionto,leadto,contributeto,devoteoneselfto,lookforwardto,appealto,be/getusedto,berelatedto,beavailableto,besimilarto等①表示動作與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生。例如:
Whatdoyouthinktheproverbstellusaboutfriendshipandgettingalongwithothers?(page1)
Ifyoucanbuyaperson’sfriendship,it’snotworthhaving.(page1)IwassoupsetthatIfeltlikecrying.(page2)
Itseemsyouneedtoapologizequicklytoavoidlosingagoodfriend.(page5)
②有些動詞如remember,forget,regret等或明確表示時間先后的介詞on;upon,after等,用動名詞的一般式代替動名詞完成式,表示動作在謂語動詞表示的動作之前發(fā)生。例如:
Irememberseeinghimbefore.Iregretsellingthehouse.
OnarrivingBeijing,hewenttoseehisfriend.
Afterstandinginthequeueforhours,wegotgoodseats.③有些后面可跟動名詞也可以跟不定式,意義區(qū)別不大。常見的動詞有:start,like,hate,love,continue,prefer,attempt,intend,propose等。
Thenwebothstartedshouting(toshout)ateachotheranditturnedintoahorribleargument.(page3)
Hebeganlearning(tolearn)Englishattheageoffive.
④有些動詞后面可跟動名詞也可以跟不定式,意義區(qū)別大。見下表:
trytodosth.(努力去做)trydoingsth.(試著、嘗試做)remembertodosth(記得要做)rememberdoingsth.(記得做過)forgettodosth.(忘記要做某事)forgetdoingsth.(忘記做過某事)meantodosth.(打算做某事)meandoingsth.(意味著)can’thelptodosth.(不能幫助做某事)can’thelpdoingsth.(禁不住做某事)stoptodosth.(停下來去做另一件事)stopdoingsth.(停止做某事)goontodosth.(接下來做另一件事)goondoingsth.(繼續(xù)做同一件事)regrettodosth(遺憾要做某事)regretdoingsth(后悔做過某事)(3)作表語
相當(dāng)于名詞,說明主語動作的情況和狀態(tài)。例如:
MyjobisteachingEnglish.
Herjobiswashing,cleaningandtakingcareofthechildren.Ourdutyisservingthepeople.=Ourdutyistoservethepeople.(4)作定語
說明所修飾詞的性質(zhì),具有名詞的性質(zhì),它同所修飾的名詞間不存在主謂關(guān)系。alivingroom=aroomforlivingasleepingcar=acarforsleepingaswimmingpool=apoolforswimmingawalingstick=astickforwalking
(5)動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
動名詞之前的名詞,如果是有生命的,通常用所屬格表示,如果是無生命的,則用通格表示,現(xiàn)在有一種趨勢用名詞和代詞代替所有格。Hiscomingwon’thelpmuch.Idon’tmindyour(you)smoking.Theyinsistedonourstayingthere.Wearehappyabouthiscomingtoseeus.DoyourememberMarycomingtoseeyou?Heinsistedonbeingsenttothehardarea.
(6)動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義
①beworth后接動名詞時。
Thisbookiswellworthreading.=Thebookisworthtoberead.②need,want,require,bear,stand等動詞后面可用動名詞的主動式表被動意義,但用不定式時則只能用被動形式。
Theoldmanneedslookingafter/tobelookedafter.③在介詞past,beyond之后,動名詞的主動形式表被動。Theoldwatchispastrepairing.
ThebeautyoftheWestLakeisreallybeyonddescribing.
(7)動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)
動名詞也有其完成時態(tài)和被動語態(tài),常見動名詞做賓語時,說明動名詞表示的動作先發(fā)生和邏輯被動主謂關(guān)系。例如:
Idon’trememberhavingbeengivenachancetohaveatry.DoyoumindJam’sbeingleftaloneathome?
HehasinsistedonhisbeingcalledDr.TurnerinsteadofMr.Turner.
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