120通信調(diào)度的現(xiàn)狀和展望

120通信調(diào)度的現(xiàn)狀和展望

江蘇省醫(yī)院協(xié)會(huì)急救醫(yī)療中心（站）分會(huì)通信調(diào)度專(zhuān)業(yè)組

通信調(diào)度作為急救中心實(shí)施院前急救的三大部門(mén)之一，不僅要受理日常120電話、調(diào)度急救單元，還要負(fù)責(zé)完成與110應(yīng)急聯(lián)動(dòng)、發(fā)布領(lǐng)導(dǎo)命令、監(jiān)控急救過(guò)程等諸多任務(wù)，長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，這種責(zé)任重節(jié)奏快壓力大的工作性質(zhì)，對(duì)調(diào)度員身心健康有較大的影響。今天，我們收集了省內(nèi)12家地市級(jí)急救中心通信調(diào)度方面資料，匯總后提交本次會(huì)議。

人才篇

目前，全省12個(gè)地級(jí)市急救中心共有調(diào)度人員110名，其中男41女69；35歲以下79名，35歲以上31名；大專(zhuān)以上學(xué)歷78名，占71.8%;在已知的82人中，具有醫(yī)療相關(guān)學(xué)歷44名，占53.7%，其他為計(jì)算機(jī)相關(guān)學(xué)歷20名，管理相關(guān)學(xué)歷11名，會(huì)計(jì)5名。各中心具體情況見(jiàn)下圖。

各中心調(diào)度人員平均年齡學(xué)歷分布圖5045403532.833.63025201*1050833930103693100097034.33125.430.229.731.127.446.640.232.9平均年齡大專(zhuān)以上醫(yī)療計(jì)算機(jī)733670631623321741南京無(wú)錫常州鎮(zhèn)江南通揚(yáng)州泰州鹽城淮安宿遷徐州連云港

“思賢若渴，唯才是舉”，急救事業(yè)要發(fā)展，必須重視人才建設(shè)。在以青年為主的調(diào)度群體中，58.1%（64/110）是擁有醫(yī)療或計(jì)算機(jī)學(xué)歷的人才，他（她）們中包含120通信方面的專(zhuān)家、急救調(diào)度標(biāo)兵且年齡多在35歲以下，是調(diào)度事業(yè)發(fā)展的人才基石，迫切需要各地各級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)關(guān)心培養(yǎng)和幫助。但我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)①調(diào)度人員學(xué)歷成份復(fù)雜多樣,不但有醫(yī)療計(jì)算機(jī)和管理類(lèi)還有學(xué)工程及高中畢業(yè)，好像什么樣的人都可以做，從業(yè)人員沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一的準(zhǔn)入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)造成人員思維特征社會(huì)能力參差不齊嚴(yán)重制約了事業(yè)的發(fā)展，望各地能像醫(yī)師駕駛一樣盡早制定一套從業(yè)人員準(zhǔn)入門(mén)檻；②近1/2還沒(méi)有進(jìn)入本單位事業(yè)編制，有些單位調(diào)度崗位一個(gè)也沒(méi)有正式工，試想一下讓臨時(shí)工單獨(dú)指揮調(diào)度萬(wàn)一有重大失誤誰(shuí)來(lái)承擔(dān)責(zé)任？我們建議在編制緊張的情況下，至少每班次安排一名正式工作為組長(zhǎng)全面負(fù)責(zé)本班工作；③我們匯總了各地調(diào)度的考核和收入（見(jiàn)下表），發(fā)現(xiàn)待遇普遍比醫(yī)生駕駛員低，有些甚至接近當(dāng)?shù)爻鞘凶畹凸べY標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，這成為留住人才最大障礙，望各單位能讓我們的收入向醫(yī)駕看齊；④如前述因?yàn)闇?zhǔn)入門(mén)檻低，調(diào)度就成為各種關(guān)系戶人員最多的崗位，有的只是一時(shí)找不到工作來(lái)過(guò)渡一下，這就為管理和人才培養(yǎng)埋下隱患。

城市南京無(wú)錫常州鎮(zhèn)江南通揚(yáng)州泰州鹽城淮安宿遷徐州連云港考核收入方法平均獎(jiǎng)金月固定工資+有效調(diào)度數(shù)*1+年限工資工資+獎(jiǎng)金+中夜班費(fèi)+有效電話的提成固定工資和平均獎(jiǎng)金工資+按120接通率計(jì)算出的獎(jiǎng)金底薪+提成工資加獎(jiǎng)金工資+績(jī)效（系數(shù)0.5）+成功調(diào)度1元/趟人事部門(mén)審核固定工資基本工資+績(jī)效工資平均獎(jiǎng)的75%收入均數(shù)150015001500100010001500310019001201*5001650201*調(diào)度篇

調(diào)度工作從專(zhuān)業(yè)層面上看常態(tài)下是120指揮中心，非常態(tài)下是緊急醫(yī)療救援指揮中心；從應(yīng)用層面上看承擔(dān)120受理、指揮調(diào)度、協(xié)調(diào)合作、信息匯集、通訊聯(lián)絡(luò)、監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警職責(zé)；從技術(shù)層面上看是信息平臺(tái)、指揮平臺(tái)、通訊平臺(tái)和管理平臺(tái)。這樣重要的工作職責(zé)就對(duì)調(diào)度自身提出了很高的要求，但我們通過(guò)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)作為社會(huì)一份子的他（她）們卻承受了外界難以理解的壓力。這里選取各中心調(diào)度人均工作量（見(jiàn)下圖），對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn)南京無(wú)錫常州淮安徐州的各班次人均要接100次以上急救電話，派15次以上車(chē)，工作量比其他市大；抽樣調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)80%對(duì)現(xiàn)在工作滿意并想長(zhǎng)期從事該工作，92%的認(rèn)為調(diào)度工作應(yīng)該在急救鏈中處于中樞、龍頭角色；領(lǐng)導(dǎo)對(duì)調(diào)度工作的關(guān)心程度，卻有72%回答口頭上重視或不重視；100%對(duì)騷擾電話習(xí)以為常，精神壓力勝過(guò)體力勞累；對(duì)來(lái)自領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的壓力、一線出救人員的刁難感到困惑；對(duì)自己的付出和收入不成正比感到無(wú)奈。

各中心調(diào)度人均工作量1801601401201*0806040201*323010無(wú)錫160130157125110705530146常州75868060756.5鎮(zhèn)江115南通102.5揚(yáng)州2042泰州136.5鹽城201*.5淮安17.51557.5連云港南京宿遷徐州人均接聽(tīng)量人均派車(chē)數(shù)人均接騷擾電話數(shù)綜上所述，調(diào)度工作存在以下熱點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)問(wèn)題：

（1）調(diào)度派車(chē)原則不明確，有些縣級(jí)120不堅(jiān)持屬地急救轉(zhuǎn)送的原則，強(qiáng)調(diào)病人到上級(jí)醫(yī)院堅(jiān)持要上級(jí)120派車(chē)的錯(cuò)誤做法，這樣不僅耽誤時(shí)間又浪費(fèi)上級(jí)120資源,建議全省制度一套統(tǒng)一的派車(chē)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

（2）領(lǐng)導(dǎo)要重視調(diào)度工作體諒調(diào)度的難處，構(gòu)建和諧的調(diào)醫(yī)駕關(guān)系。調(diào)度和醫(yī)駕在急救中處于指揮和被指揮關(guān)系，工作中我們時(shí)常會(huì)夾在病人和醫(yī)駕人員之間兩頭受氣，病人把緊張無(wú)助失控等不良情緒甚至是惡意，發(fā)泄到120調(diào)度身上，醫(yī)駕人員把在急救現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的困難疲勞委屈等負(fù)面情緒也轉(zhuǎn)嫁到調(diào)度人員上，因此，常常出現(xiàn)不聽(tīng)指揮或派而不動(dòng)，不匯報(bào)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)要批評(píng)，匯報(bào)后又說(shuō)是打小報(bào)告。有些市出救的駕駛員醫(yī)生對(duì)外傷車(chē)禍獨(dú)有情中，怕調(diào)度派錯(cuò)影響了自己利益，就處處盯著我們有錯(cuò)就匯報(bào)，關(guān)系就比較僵化了。（3）調(diào)度值班人數(shù)少（見(jiàn)下圖），工作時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，很少有時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)充電，加上各市每年新建的道路新村又多，時(shí)間久就落伍了，呼吁按120電話平均日受理數(shù)量≥300次值班席位2人，300-600次3人，600-1000次4人的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)置值班人數(shù)，多給他（她）們留些學(xué)習(xí)和自我減壓的時(shí)間，減輕個(gè)人勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度。

值班人數(shù)連云港,9徐州,7宿遷,8淮安,6鹽城,7泰州,4揚(yáng)州,8南京,15無(wú)錫,9常州,10南通,7鎮(zhèn)江,8

（4）重視調(diào)度工作的法律問(wèn)題和個(gè)人的心理健康。

系統(tǒng)篇

03年非典后各中心相繼投入重資建成了120指揮調(diào)度系統(tǒng)，其主要包括有線通訊，無(wú)線通訊，地理信息（GIS），衛(wèi)星定位（GPS），數(shù)字錄音，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助指揮調(diào)度等子系統(tǒng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了120電話交換機(jī)從機(jī)電式向程控式轉(zhuǎn)變、人工受理人工通知向計(jì)算機(jī)輔助指揮調(diào)度轉(zhuǎn)變、單純接警派車(chē)向全程指揮監(jiān)控相關(guān)單位應(yīng)急聯(lián)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)變。

作為單筆投入最多的信息化工程，從建設(shè)之初起就寄托了全120人的殷切希望，但建成投入使用后發(fā)現(xiàn)該系統(tǒng)存在很多不足，這種理想和現(xiàn)實(shí)的差距一度讓人們產(chǎn)生了困惑的心理，具體的管理和實(shí)施者也就承受了巨大壓力。所以，前期的調(diào)查中我們發(fā)現(xiàn)大家談?wù)撟疃嗟木褪?20指揮調(diào)度系統(tǒng)的建設(shè)和維護(hù)，今列出幾個(gè)最關(guān)注問(wèn)題論述如下：

（1）一把手負(fù)責(zé)，財(cái)務(wù)醫(yī)務(wù)車(chē)管后勤等部門(mén)全力配合。古往今來(lái)，指揮體系都是最高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)親手建設(shè)，這不僅能體現(xiàn)上級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)意志還可保證政令通暢。作為平戰(zhàn)結(jié)合的120指揮系統(tǒng)建設(shè)和維護(hù)必須要單位一把手親自管親自抓，從政治的高度出發(fā)，高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚，實(shí)現(xiàn)指揮系統(tǒng)與管理之間的互動(dòng)。

（2）多方籌措，保證資金充裕。根據(jù)單位財(cái)力發(fā)展適合本市規(guī)模的系統(tǒng)，現(xiàn)今社會(huì)沒(méi)有錢(qián)一紙空談，必須爭(zhēng)取當(dāng)?shù)刎?cái)政局、衛(wèi)生局、信息辦的關(guān)心支持，多方籌措，循序漸進(jìn)逐步完善和更新我們的軟硬件設(shè)備，但不要希望通過(guò)一次性的系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)或產(chǎn)品的購(gòu)買(mǎi)解決全部問(wèn)題。

（3）本地化支撐體系建設(shè)，著名廠商指揮系統(tǒng)建設(shè)。按照我們的理解信息化是項(xiàng)體系工程，不只是局限在買(mǎi)設(shè)備、建網(wǎng)絡(luò)、按照用戶的要求進(jìn)行程序開(kāi)發(fā)的層面上來(lái)解決問(wèn)題，只有在有效的支撐體系的保障下，展開(kāi)包括120指揮系統(tǒng)、辦公自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)（OA）在內(nèi)的各項(xiàng)應(yīng)用建設(shè)。回顧各家建設(shè)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，依據(jù)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)支撐體系包括基礎(chǔ)環(huán)境、機(jī)房強(qiáng)電及UPS、綜合布線、空調(diào)、氣體消防、防雷等，這些必須要本地化公司承建，甚至連基礎(chǔ)網(wǎng)絡(luò)工程也可選擇本地公司，否則維護(hù)（修）很困難。120指揮系統(tǒng)應(yīng)集中在北京安克、深圳中興和深圳天維爾等國(guó)內(nèi)著名且有十例以上成功案例的120系統(tǒng)建設(shè)廠商中選擇。

（4）維護(hù)。按照財(cái)政有關(guān)要求每年要安排建設(shè)總額的5-10%運(yùn)行維護(hù)資金，其中不包含網(wǎng)絡(luò)租賃和設(shè)備更新。各家反映維護(hù)較多的是車(chē)載系統(tǒng)性能不穩(wěn)定維修不及時(shí)、地理信息更新慢、數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)受理指揮軟件設(shè)計(jì)不合理很多模塊并不能使用（中興）、地圖臺(tái)信息與車(chē)載地理信息不吻合（安克）、數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)設(shè)計(jì)不合理與急救醫(yī)學(xué)結(jié)合少、維護(hù)人員少，平均故障修復(fù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)都在3-10天，因此我們要有講政治，懂業(yè)務(wù)，有水平，能吃苦的指揮通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)方面的專(zhuān)業(yè)工程師對(duì)120的軟件硬件進(jìn)行維護(hù)和應(yīng)急維修服務(wù)。

（5）為了保持指揮系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性和工作的連續(xù)性我們引進(jìn)應(yīng)急管理理念，設(shè)置兩個(gè)服務(wù)器、兩條通訊線、兩條通路、兩個(gè)交換機(jī)、兩個(gè)路由器、兩個(gè)布線系統(tǒng)等，甚至連電源都是雙份兒的。這些設(shè)備集成起來(lái)構(gòu)成一個(gè)高速、安全、可靠的內(nèi)部網(wǎng)，只要有一個(gè)好的，就能保證接通，兩條腿走路。具體為①依靠網(wǎng)絡(luò)文本傳輸指揮和依靠對(duì)講機(jī)-中繼臺(tái)的無(wú)線通訊技術(shù)的語(yǔ)音指揮，雙套并用，必須強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)字無(wú)線集群呼叫在應(yīng)急通信中的不可替代的優(yōu)勢(shì)；②兩條七號(hào)信令鏈路熱備，語(yǔ)音交換機(jī)主控設(shè)備雙備份；③機(jī)房主備電源；④核心交換機(jī)、路由器雙備份；⑤數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、錄音系統(tǒng)熱備。

（6）二次升級(jí)。任何系統(tǒng)、設(shè)備的工作都一個(gè)生命周期，服務(wù)器網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備交換機(jī)一般4-5年、UPS電池3年，基礎(chǔ)環(huán)境5-6年，因此很多中心都將面臨系統(tǒng)的升級(jí)改造。根據(jù)我們的理解升級(jí)應(yīng)該考慮如下方面①在保持原有通信指揮功能的同時(shí)增加急救醫(yī)學(xué)單元、OA、醫(yī)院信息共享功能；②引入3G視頻通話手機(jī)上網(wǎng)功能，實(shí)現(xiàn)視頻監(jiān)護(hù)資料的雙向傳輸；③發(fā)展800兆無(wú)線集群通信；④建設(shè)B類(lèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)支撐體系。

展望篇

調(diào)度人員都應(yīng)是醫(yī)學(xué)院畢業(yè)的大專(zhuān)以上的醫(yī)生，每班保證有一個(gè)可以用英語(yǔ)對(duì)話的調(diào)度人員，有一個(gè)副高以上的主任醫(yī)師指導(dǎo)急救、分析優(yōu)先派車(chē)級(jí)別，有一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)維護(hù)人員處理日常系統(tǒng)故障，同時(shí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)應(yīng)輪流直接帶班，協(xié)調(diào)各種關(guān)系。

依照120接聽(tīng)量、派車(chē)量合理設(shè)置值班席位，每班至少保證雙人雙崗，編制調(diào)度人員職稱(chēng)序列提高人員待遇，定期心理輔導(dǎo)疏導(dǎo)精神壓力。樹(shù)立“我們寧可派錯(cuò)100次，也不能錯(cuò)過(guò)1個(gè)病人，和老百姓的生命相比，多派一次多跑一趟路又算得了什么。”的服務(wù)觀念。

加強(qiáng)120指揮系統(tǒng)功能，為調(diào)度工作提供更大的技術(shù)支撐。博采安克公司指揮調(diào)度軟件研發(fā)、中興公司交換機(jī)和車(chē)載硬件生產(chǎn)、天維爾公司應(yīng)急指揮系統(tǒng)集成之優(yōu)勢(shì)，進(jìn)行二次升級(jí)系統(tǒng)，每輛救護(hù)車(chē)上增加電子地圖導(dǎo)航、電子醫(yī)療病歷實(shí)時(shí)輸入、急救難點(diǎn)查詢、視頻和心電監(jiān)護(hù)儀參數(shù)傳輸進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)程急救協(xié)助等功能的車(chē)載數(shù)據(jù)處理中心；除了和省、區(qū)縣120分中心之間已建立的數(shù)據(jù)聯(lián)系外，也和各個(gè)醫(yī)院實(shí)現(xiàn)在線數(shù)據(jù)交換，指揮中心就可以了解各家醫(yī)院每天實(shí)時(shí)的床位情況和專(zhuān)科接診能力，在病人被送往醫(yī)院過(guò)程中，就可以和醫(yī)院將傷病員病情銜接好，使病人能直接進(jìn)入專(zhuān)科醫(yī)院接受專(zhuān)業(yè)的治療，如果病人現(xiàn)場(chǎng)已經(jīng)接受過(guò)處理，就可以直接送往科室接受專(zhuān)科治療，這種無(wú)縫隙銜接可以簡(jiǎn)化程序，理順流程，實(shí)現(xiàn)真正意義上的指揮、急救和管理的融合。

我國(guó)的城市應(yīng)急聯(lián)動(dòng)多數(shù)是以110為基礎(chǔ)的，而120系統(tǒng)的特殊醫(yī)療業(yè)務(wù)使三網(wǎng)合一很難真正融合。因此，我們調(diào)度希望交巡警提供實(shí)時(shí)路況信息、派出所提供報(bào)警人的住址路線信息等服務(wù)內(nèi)容盡快實(shí)現(xiàn)真正意義的“急救信息資源共享”，支持120自身的院前急救水平、管理水平和信息化程度得到明顯的提高和發(fā)展。

調(diào)研中一位調(diào)度發(fā)到我郵箱中的一段話，很有代表性：“作為一名普通的調(diào)度員，我不求做什么大事，只是24小時(shí)守著120，與電話為伴，不管電話那頭是真呼救還是騷擾，我都認(rèn)真拿起話機(jī)，深夜困了也只伏案休息，想想家中熟睡的女兒心中總有種愧疚，等女兒大了會(huì)理解媽媽的堅(jiān)守是換回更多人的生命�！�----她（他）是群可敬可愛(ài)的人。

擴(kuò)展閱讀：國(guó)家概況 120

國(guó)家概況類(lèi)120

1.TheDeclarationofIndependencewasadoptedbythe______ContinentalCongressonJuly4,______.

A.First…..1774B.First….1776C.Second…..1774D.Second….17762.ThelargestlakeinBritainis______.

A.LochLomondB.theLoughNeaghC.Windermere

D.Ullswater

3.TheoriginoftheAmericanpartysystemcanbetracedto______.

A.thestrugglebetweentheRoyalistsandrevolutionariesintheWarofIndependenceB.theconstitutionaldebatebetweentheFederalistsandtheanti-Federalists

C.thestrugglebetweenthosewhoupheldslaveryandthosewhoopposedslaveryD.thestrugglebetweentheelectionofPresident

4.TheHundredYears"WarwithFrancewasfought_____.A.from1327to1453B.from1337to1453C.from1347to1453D.from1357to14535.ThesecondlargeststateoftheUnitedSlatesis______.

A.TexasB.AlaskaC.CaliforniaD.Hawaii6.Americanpresidentsareelected______.

A.everytwoyearsB.everyfouryearsC.everyfiveyears

D.everysixyears

7.Australiaistheworld"slargestexporterof______.

A.wheatB.dailyproductsC.meatD.wool

8.BritainisseparatedfromtherestofEuropebytheEnglishChannelinthe______andtheNorthSeaintheeast.

A.eastB.southC.westD.north

9.WhichofthefollowingStatementsisNOTtrueaboutthePrimeMinisterinBritain?A.HeisappointedbytheQueen.

B.HeisMinisterfortheCivilService.C.HesitsintheHouseofCommons.D.Hereceives88,292ayear.

10.ThefirstEuropeandiscovererofCanadawasfrom______.A.BritainB.SpainC.FranceD.Portugal

11.InAmericathejudicialisheadedby______

A.thePresidentB.CongressC.theSupremecourtD.theSecretaryGeneral12.TheEnglishParliamentisoriginatedfrom______.

A.ModelParliamentC.GreatCouncil

B.AllEstatesParliamentD.LongParliament

13.Theworld"slargestfreshwaterlakeisLake______.

A.SuperiorB.OntarioC.VictoriaD.Michigan

14.TheBritishpeoplehold______asthefestivaltorememberthepeoplewhodiedinthetwoWorldWars.

A.EasterMondayB.ArmisticeDayC.GuyFawkesDayD.BoxingDay

15.The1920"sintheUnitedStateshasbeendescribedasaperiodof______.

A.culturerevivalB.lossofpurpose

C.developmentofscienceandtechnologyD.materialsuccessandspiritualfrustration

16.accordingtotheEnglishlaw,nopersoncangetmarriedbelowtheageof______.A.16B.18C.20D.2117HowmanystateswereneededtoratifytheConstitution?A.8.B.9.C.12.D.13,18.TheCapitalofAustraliais______.

A.SydneyB.MelbourneC.CanberraD.Queensland19.TheScotsmennowspeak______.

A.EnglishB.Scottish

C.GaelicD.alloftheabove20.AmongthemosttypicalEnglishsports,havingbeenin.is_____.

A.rugbyB.soccerC.cricketD.boxing

21.TheearliestinstitutionofhigherlearningsetupinAmericawas_______.A.CaliforniaUniversityB.YaleUniversityC.HarvardCollegeD.ChicagoUniversity22.WhichofthefollowingtribesfirstcametoBritain

A.Anglos.B.Saxon.C.Jutes,D.Kent.23.OntheislandofGreatBritain,thereare______.

A.fourpoliticaldivisions-England,Scotland.WalesandNorthernIrelandB.fourpoliticaldivisions-England,Scotland,WalesandIrelandC.threepoliticaldivisions-England,ScotlandandWales

D.threepoliticaldivisions-England,ScotlandandNorthernIreland

24.ThethemeofThanksgivinghasalwaysbeen____.

A.friendshipandhappinessB.peaceandplenty

C.cooperationandrichrewardD.loveandhappiness

25.InBritainonlyabout______ofthepopulationarefarmersbuttheymanage70%ofthelandarea.

A.2%B.3%,

C.4%D.5%

26.TheToriesweretheforerunnersof_____,whichstillbearsthenicknametoday.A.theLaborPartyB.theLiberalParty

C.theSocialDemocraticPartyD.theConservativeParty27.TheGrandCanyoninnorth-western___isoneofnature’smostimpressivesights.A.UtahB.Arizona.C.NevadaD.Idaho

28.TheBillofRightsisthetermusedfor_______totheConstitutionoftheunitedStates.A.thefirsttenamendmentsB.thelastfiveamendmentsC.thetenthamendmentD.themostimportantamendment29.The"basics"taughtintheAmericanelementaryschoolsare______.A.socialstudies,arithmeticandreadingB.science,reading,writingandarithmeticC.reading,writingandarithmetic

D.physicaleducation,readingandwriting30.I"helongestriverinCanadais______.

A.theMackenzieB.theSt.LawrenceC.theSevernD.theYukon

31.TheNormanConquestof______isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.

A.1063B.1064C.1065

D.1066

32.The"BigStick"PolicywasadvancedbyPresident______.

A.FranklinRooseveltB.TheodoreRooseveltC.WilliamMcKinley

D.ThomasWoodrowWilson

33.ThesmalleststateoftheUnitedStatesis______.

A.RhodeIslandB.MaineC.TexasD.Alaska

34.TheCommonwealthofNationsisanassociationofindependentcountriesandother

politicalunits______.

A.thathavelivedundertheBritishlawandgovernmentB.thathavealargenumberofBritishimmigrantsC.thathavecloserelationswithBritain

D.thathavefoughtonthesideofBritaininthetwoworldwars35.EachofthefiftystatesoftheU.S.A.elects______senators.

A.10

B.4

C.3D.2

36.ThefirstimperialistwartookplacebetweentheU.S.A.and______in1898.

A.BritainB.FranceC.SpainD.Mexico

37.Bytradition.theleaderofthemajoritypartyisappointed______bytheSovereignintheUnitedKingdom.

A.PrimeMinisterB.MemberofParliamentC.LordofAppealD.SpeakeroftheHouse38.TheEnglishCivilWarisalsocalled______.

A.thePuritanRevolution

B.thesecondMagnaCarta

C.theLongParliamentD.theAnglicanWar

39.Australiahasalwaysbeenacontinentwithfewpeoplemainlybecause_______.A.AustraliaistoofarawayfromEurope

B.Australiaistheleastmountainousandmostleveloftheworld’scontinentsC.AustraliaisseparatedfromtherestoftheworldbyseasD.Mostofthecontinentishotanddry

40.IntheUnitedKingdom,policeofficer""arenotallowedtojoin_____orgoonstrike.A.atradeunionB.achoirC.apoliticalpartyD.aclub

41.WhenwasthereferendumonQuebec’sfuturestatusheldinCanada?A.1994.B.1995C.1996.

D.1997

42.ThegoalofRoosevelt"sNewDealwas_______.A.tosavetheAmericaneconomicandpoliticalsystemB.tochangetheAmericaneconomicsystemC.toweakenmonopolyinterestsinAmerica

D.tonationalizebanksandfinancialinstitutionsinAmerica

43.London"sMetropolitanPoliceForceisdirectlyunderthecontrolof_______.A.theLordChancellorB.theHomeSecretaryC.theAttorneyGeneralD.thePrimeMinister

44.Inarea,theUnitedStalesisthe______largestcountryintheworldA.2nd.B.3rdC.4thD.5th

45.TheBlackDeath,whichravagedEnglandin13481849,carriedoff_______.A.threefourthsofthepopulationB.onefourthofthepopulation.C.onefifthofthepopulationD.onehalfofthepopulation46.WhatisthemostimportanteconomicactivityinCanada?A.Manufacturing.B.FarmingC.Mining.D.forestry47.TheBackboneofNorthAmericareferstothe______.A.AppalachianMountainsB.RockyMountainsC.CascadeMountainsD.SierraNevadaMountains

48.ApartfromabreakduringtheSecondWorldWar,theBBChasbeenprovidingregulartelevisionbroadcastssince_______.

A.1935B.1936C.1937D.193849.Inthe1960spopmusicunderwentarevolutionwhen______becameworldfamousandturnedtheirhometownofLiverpoolintoaplaceofpilgrimage.A.theBeachBoysB.theRollingStoneC.theAnimalsD.theBeatles50.TheprincipalauthoroftheDeclarationofIndependencewas______.A.BenjaminFranklinB.GeorgeWashingtonC.ThomasJeffersonD.JohnAdams51.WhoischieflyresponsibleforeducationintheUS?A.Thefederalgovernment.B.Thestategovernment.C.Thecountygovernment.D.Thelocalgovernment.52.ThenationalcenterofthepressinBritainis_____.A.TheFleetStreetB.Speaker"sCornerC.GreatRussellStreetD.Whitehall53.ThelongestriverinBritainisthe______.A.SevernC.Clyde

B.ThamesD.Tees

54.ThefirstimmigrantsinAmericanhistorycamefrom______.A.EnglandandGermanyB.EnglandandIrelandC.EnglandandtheNetherlandsD.EnglandandSpain55.WhichdayisLincoln"sBirthday?

A.February12.C.July4.

B.February22.D.October12.

56.IntheUnitedKingdom,thepartywhichwinsthe______numberofseatsintheHouseofCommonsbecomestheofficialOpposition.

A.largestB.secondlargestC.thirdlargestA.toreceivefreesettlers

B.tosupplyBritainwithwoolandfoodC.toreceiveconvictsfromBritainD.toexpandtheBritishimperialpower

58.TheemblemoftheDemocraticPartyis______.A.elephantB.donkeyC.bearD.bull

59.TheMississippi,whichissometimescalled______,hasplayedavitalroleinthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.A."OldManRiver"

D.fourthlargest

57.AtfirstAustraliawassettledbytheBritishasacolonyfounded______.

B."MoonRiver"

C."OldFatherRiver"D."MotheroftheUnitedStates"

60.Thelastoneofthe13colonieswas______,whichwasestablishedin1733.A.NorthCarolinaB.SouthCarolinaC.GeorgiaD.Maryland61.Australiaislocatedbetween______andtheIndianOcean.A.theSouthPacificOceanB.theNorthSeaC.theAtlanticOceanD.theArctic62.Nearly______ofthelandinCanadahasnopermanentpopulation.A.68%B.79%C.89%D.98%

63.TheUnitedStateswentwarwith______in1812,thelastwarfoughtbetweenthetwocountries.

A.BritainC.Mexico

B.FranceD.Spain

64.TheCanadaCouncilmainlyconcernswith______.A.artsB.educationC.businessD.diplomacy

65.Ofallthesymbols,whichareconsideredtorepresentfertilityandnewlifeandaremostfrequentlyassociatedwithEaster?

A.Thepumpkinandtheturkey.B.Thelambandthebeef.C.Thespringpeasandthepotatoes.D.Theeggandtherabbit.66.Toitsfullsense,theBritishParliamentconsistsof______.A.theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommonsB.theHouseandtheSenateC.theQueenandtheHouseofLords

D.theSovereign,theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons

67.TheUnitedStateshaslessthan5%oftheworld"spopulation;yetitproducesabout______ofthetotalworldoutput.

A.20%B.25%C.30%D.35%68.WhichisNOTaBritishNewsAgency?

A,ReutersC.AFX

B.ThePressAssociationLtd.D.UnitedPressInternational

69.TheUSformerlyenteredtheSecondWorldWarin______.A.1937B.1939C".1941D.1943

70.WhenOliverCromwelldiedin1658,andwassucceededbyhisson,______,theregimebeganimmediatelytocollapse.

A.HenryB.HamiltonC.RichardD.Charles

71.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueabouttheNationalHealthService?

A.Itprovides(oreveryresidentafullrangeofmedicalservices.B.Itisadministeredbythelocalgovernment.

C.Itsemergencyambulancesareavailablefordoctors"urgentcalls.D.Ithassufferedfromunderfundinginrecentdecades.72.Thetenureofofficeoffederaljudgesis______.

A.4yearslongB.forlife

C.8yearslongD.5yearslong

73.InAmerica,thethreebiggestnewspapersareofthefollowingEXCEPT______.A.NewYorkTimesB.Reader"sDigestC.WashingtonPostD.LosAngelsTimes74..Naturalgaswasdiscoveredin______inBritain.A.EnglishChannelB.IrishSea

C.LakeNoahD.theNorthSea

75.ForelectoralpurposesBritainisdividedinto659constituencies,eachofwhichreturns______totheHouseofCommons.A.onemember

B.twomembers

C.threemembersD.fourmembers76.SearsTowerisin_______.

A.BostonB.NewYorkC.ChicagoD.LosAngeles77.ChristianityconsistsofthefollowingEXCEPT_____.A.CatholicismB.EastOrthodoxC.JewishChurchD.Protestantism

78.Thetypicalorganizationalpattern(orelementaryandsecondaryschoolsintheUnitedStatesisthatof______.

A.classifiedschoolsB.vocationalschoolsC.gradedschoolsD.publicschools79.Withregardtoitssize,Australiais______countryintheworld.A.thethirdlargestC.thefifthlargest

B.thefourthlargestD.thesixthlargest

80.ChinaandAmericaestablisheddiplomaticrelationsinJanuary______.A.1972B.1976C.1978D.197981.WhichofthefollowingsportswasNOTinventedinBritain?A.footballB.tennisC.archeryU.cricket82.IntheUnitedStates,thefirstlargestimmigrationmovementtookplace______.A.rightaftertheWarofIndependenceB.inthemid-1800sC.attheturnofthe20thcenturyD.rightaftertheCivilWar83.WheredothemajorityofpeopleinScotlandlive?A.intheHighlandsB.intheLowlandsC.intheUplandsD.inthewestofScotland

84.Rock-and-rollintheearly1960sintheUnitedStateswasmusicfor______.A.teenagersB.blackaudienceC.whiteadultaudienceD.peopleofallages

85.ThankstothefeministmovementinBritain,votesweregrantedtowomenovertheageof______in1918.

A.18B.20C.30D.3586.Thefinancial,manufacturingandtransportationcenteroftheUnitedStatesis______.A.NewYorkB.WashingtonD.C.C.PhiladelphiaD.Chicago87.InBritain,childrenfromtheageof5to16______.A.canlegallyreceivepartlyfreeeducationB.canlegallyreceivecompletelyfreeeducationC.cannotreceivefreeeducationatall

D.cannotreceivefreeeducationiftheirparentsarerich

88.IntheU.S.,ConstitutionalAmendmentcangointoeffectafteritisapprovedby_____.A.atwo-thirdsvoteofbothhousesB.three-fourthsofthestatesC.two-thirdsofthestatesD.halfofthestates

89.ThetwofamousleadersofblackmovementsintheU.S.inthe60swere___A.DouglasandGarrisonB.DouglasandMartinLutherKingC.MartinLutherKingandMalcolmXD.MalcolmXandGarrison90.WheredoestheEnglishPrimeMinisterlive?A.WallStreet.C.FleetStreet.A.inonly5or6statesalongtheAtlanticcoastB.intheSouth

C.instateswithalargepopulation

D.alongtheAtlanticandPacificcoasts

92.TheAuthorizedVersionoftheBible(publishedin1611)wasmadeby______command.A.EdwardIV"sB.JamesI"sC.ElizabethI"sD.HenryVIII"s93.WhatformsanaturalboundarybetweenMexicoandtheUnitedStates?A.TheRioGrandeRiver.B.ThesouthernRockyMountains.C.TheColoradoRiver.D.TheGulfofCalifornia.94.UnderwhosereignwastheBillofRightspassed?A.JamesIIB.WilliamIIIC.OliverCromwell.D.GeorgeI.

95.TheGreatBarrierReefisincludedontheWorldHeritagelistbecauseithas______.A.themostbeautifulseascapeintheworldB.thegreatestnumberofislandsintheworld

8

B.DawningStreet.

D.TheBuckinghamPalace.

91.MostofthecollegesanduniversitiesintheU.S.arelocated______.

C.themostdiverseandcomplexmarinelifeintheworldD.thelongestcoastintheworld

96.ThetwoveryimportantcropsinBritainare______.A.barleyandcornB.wheatandriceC.barleyandoatsD.wheatandbarley97.Canadaisboundedonthewestby______.A.thePacificOceanC.theIndianOcean

B.theAtlanticOceanD.theArcticOcean

98.ThePacificnorthwestisfavoredwitha______climatelikethatofBritain.A.MediterraneanB.maritimeC.continentalD.subtropical99.ThefirstRepublicanPresidentwas______.A.GeorgeWashingtonC.ThomasJefferson100.Edinburghisthecapitalof______.

A.EnglandC.Wales

B.AbrahamLincolnD.AndrewJacksonB.Scotland

D.NorthernIreland

101.WhichofthefollowingisNOTaqualitypaper?

A.TheTelegraph.B.TheNewsoftheWorld.C.TheGuardian.D.TheObserver.102.Whichcivilairlinewasstartedin1924aftertheFirstWorldWar?

A.ImperialAirways.B.BritishAirways.C.Hawker-SiddeleyAviation.D.theBritishAircraftCorporation.103.WhenthepresidentoftheU.S.signsanactpassedbyCongressintolaw,itstillcan

becancelledif______.

A.thelowerfederalcourtdecidesthatitgoesagainstpreviouslawsB.theSupremeCourtdecidesthatitgoesagainstpreviouslawsC.thelowerfederalcourtdecidesitisunconstitutionalD.theSupremeCourtdecidesitisunconstitutional104.WhereisthebestagriculturallandinBritain?A.InthesoutheastofEngland.B.InthenortheastofEngland.C.InthesoutheastofScotland.D.InthenortheastofScotland.

105.ThefollowingarethefactorsthathavecontributedtothedevelopmentoftheU.S.

economyEXCEPT______.A.thevastspaceandresourcesofthelandB.theidealsoffreedomandeconomicopportunityC.Englishasitsnationallanguage

D.hardworkbythepeople

106.WhichbranchoftheAmericangovernmenthasthepoweroffinalinterpretationofthe

constitution?

A.TheSupremeCourt.B.ThePresident.C.TheHouse.D.TheSenate.

107.TheTowerofLondon,ahistoricalsight,locatedinthecentreofLondon,wasbuilt

by_______.

A.KingHaroldC.OliverCromwell108.TheUnitedStatesis______.

A.themostpopulouscountryintheworldB.thesecondmostpopulouscountryintheworldC.thethirdmostpopulouscountryintheworldD.thefourthmostpopulouscountryintheworld

109.TheRoyalNationalEisteddfodisa(n)______festivalofpoetry,musicandotherarts.A.EnglishC.Welsh

B.ScottishD.Irish

B.RobinHood

D.WilliamtheConqueror

110.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

A.TheLouisianawastakenfromBritainasaresultoftheWarof1812.B.TheLouisianaTerritorywascededtotheUnitedStatesbyFrance.C.TheLouisianaTerritorywaspurchasedfromSpain.D.TheLouisianaTerritorywaspurchasedfromFrance.

111.WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTparticularlyBritishChristmastradition?

A.EnjoyingthePantomime.

B.TheQueenbroadcastingherChristmasmessage.C.Enjoyingturkeyatdinner.D.ShoppingontheBoxingDay.

112.ThecultivatedlandintheU.S.makesup______ofthetotalland.

A.21%C.41%

B.31%D.51%

113.IfastudentwantstogotouniversityinBritain,hewilltaketheexaminationcalled

_______.

A.GeneralCertificateofEducation-AdvancedB.GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducationC.thecommonentranceexamination

D.GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications

114.WhichofthefollowingisNOTintheeastpartofU.S.A.?

A.Massachusetts.B.Maine.C.NorthCarolina.D.Louisiana.115.RichardNixonresignedin1974becauseof______.

A.theGreatDepression116.OnwhichdayisHalloweencelebrated?

A.5November.C.17March.

B.theBlackPowerMovement

C.theWatergateScandalD.hisIsolationpolicy

B.31October.D.25December.

117.InAustralia,April25thisknownas______.

A.AustraliaDayB.IndependenceDayC.AnzacDayD.ANZUS

118.AmongalltheAmericancities,______boaststhebiggestoverseasChinesecommunity

A.NewYork

B.Honolulu

C.SanFranciscoD.LosAngeles

119.WhichofthefollowingisNOTconsideredacharacteristicofLondon?

A.Theculturalcentre.B.ThebusinesscentreC.Thefinancialcentre.D.Thesportscentre120.Whereistheinternationaltennischampionshipsheld?

A.Wembley.B.Wimbledon.C.St.Andrews.D.Clapham.

KEY

1-10.DBBBA，BDBDC11-20.CCABD，ABCDC21-30.CACBA，DBACA31-40.DBAAD，CAADA4150.BDBCD，ABBDC51-60.BAACA，BCBAC61-70.ACAAD，DCDCC71-80.BBBDA，CCCDD81-90.CBBAC，ABBCB91-100.DBABC，DABBB101-110.BADAC，ADCCD111-120.CCADC，BCCDB

語(yǔ)言學(xué)120

1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutlanguageisNOTTrue?

A.Languageisasystem.B.Languageissymbolic.C.Animalsalsohavelanguages.D.Languageisarbitrary.2.Awordisasymbolthat_______.

A.isusedbythesamespeechcommunityB.representssomethingelseintheworldC.isbothsimpleandcomplexinnatureD.showsdifferentideasindifferentsounds

3.Ofthefollowingsoundcombinations,only______ispermissibleaccordingtothe

sequentialrulesinEnglish.

A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk

4.AmericanEnglishbeganwith______.

A.OldEnglishB.VictorianEnglishC.MiddleEnglishD.ElizabethanEnglish

5.ThesentencethathasaNPandaVPcanbeshownina______formula“S→NPVP”.

A.hierarchicalB.linearC.treediagramD.vertical6."Big"and"small"areapairof______opposites.

A.complementaryB.gradableC.completeD.converse

7.Predicationanalysisisawaytoanalyze______meaning.

A.phonemeB.wordC.phraseD.sentence

8.WhichofthefollowingisNOTafactorthatmayinfluencesecondlanguageacquisition?

A.Age.B.Sex.

C.Motivation.D.Personality.9.WhichpairofwordsisNOTaminimalpair?

A.cat/batB.put/butC.jig/pigD.sit/bit

10.AccordingtoSearle,thoseillocutionaryactswhosepointistocommitthespeakerto

somefuturecourseofactionarecalled______.

A.commisivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.declaratives

11.Iftwosoundsareincomplementarydistribution,theyare______ofthesamephoneme.

A.symbolsB.allophonesC.phonesD.signs

12.WhichbranchofstudycanNOTbeincludedinthescopeofLinguistics?

A.Syntax.B.Pragmatics.C.Phonetics.D.Anthropology.

13.Euphemismisatermof______origin.

A.LatinB.GreekC.ArabicC.Spainish14.Thedistinctionoflangueandparoleismadeby____A.HallB.SapirC.ChomskyD.Saussure

15.______areboundmorphemesbecausetheycannotbeusedasseparatewords.A.RootsB.StemsC.AffixesD.Compounds16.______isthestudyoftherelationshipbetweensymbolsandtheirinterpreter.A.SyntaxB.Semantics

C.PragmaticsD.Sociolinguistics

17.______isthedefiningpropertiesofunitslikenouns(number.Gender,case,etc)andverbs(tense,aspect,voice,etc).

A.PartsofspeechC.Grammaticalcategories

B.WordclassesD.Functionsofwords

18.Thenoun"tear"andtheverb"tear"are______.A.homophonesB.homographsC.completehomonymsD.allophones19.InEnglish,theonlyglottalis______.A.[1]C.[k]

B.[h]D.[f]

20.Theterm______maybedefinedasawayofreferringtotheapproachwhichstudieslanguagechangeovervariousperiodsoftimeandatvarioushistoricalstages.A.synchroniclinguisticsC.diachroniclinguistics

B.comparativelinguistics

D.historicalcomparativelinguistics

21.Theuseofsexistlanguagereflectsa______attitude.

A.socialB.linguistic

C.traditionalD.alloftheabove22.______wasonceusedaslinguafrancaofdiplomacy.A.LatinB.ArabicC.FrenchD.Spanish

23.Somewordsinthebasicwordstockaresaidtobestablebecausethey______.

A.arecomplexwordsB.aretechnicalwords

C.refertothecommonestthingsinlifeD.denotethemostimportantconcepts

24.Anaffixcanbeaddedtocertaintypeof______toformanewword.A.infixB.affixC.stemD.word

25.Inasentence,whichofthefollowingisusuallyNOTstressed?

A.Nouns.B.Verbs.C.Personalpronouns.D.Adjectives.

26.Themaximof______requiresthataparticipant’scontributionberelevanttothe

conversation.

A.quantityB.qualityC.mannerD.relation27.Therelationshipbetween"meat"and"meet"is______.A.synonymyB.antonymyC.polysemyD.homonymv28.Usually,suprasegmentalfeaturesinclude______,lengthandpitch.A.phonemeB.speechsoundC.syllables"D.stress29.Whatarethedualstructuresoflanguage?A.Soundsandletters.C.Lettersandmeaning.

B.Soundsandmeaning.D.Soundsandsymbols.

30.Wherearethevocalcords?

A.Inthemouth.B.Inthenasalcavity.C.Abovethetongue.D.Insidethelarynx.31.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutlanguageisNOTtrue?A.Languageisaspecialsocialphenomenon.B.languageissomearbitrarysymbols.

C.Thelanguagesystemisuniquetohumanbeings.D.Languageisyettobeunderstood.

32.______studiesthesoundsystemsinacertainlanguage.A.PhoneticsB.PhonologyC.SemanticsD.Syntax

33.______isthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent.

A.RootB.AllomorphC.MorphemeD.Word

34.Aspeaker"sactualutteranceinChomsky"sterminologyiscalled

A,deepstructureB.linguisticuniversalsC.universalgrammarD.surfacestructure35.Awordwithseveralmeaningsiscalled______word.A.apolysemousB.asynonymousC.anabnormalD.amultiple

36.ThestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunicationA.generallinguisticsC.semantics37.Leechdividedmeaningsinto______types.A.4C.6

B.phonologyD.morphologyB.5D.7

38.BesidesFrenchwords,Englishalsoabsorbedasmanyas2,500wordsof______intheMiddleEnglishperiod.

A.DutchoriginC.Latinorigin

B.DanishoriginD.Greekorigin

39.Distinctivefeaturesareusedtodescribe______.A.phonesB.phonologyC.allophonesD.phonemes

40.TheEnglishword"untouchable"iscomposedof______morphemes.A.fourB.threeC.twoD.five

41.Theprocessbywhichwordsareformedbyputtingtheinitiallettersofseveralwords

togetheriscalled______.

A.compoundingB.clippingC.acronymyD.blending42.Chineselanguagebelongstothe______family.A.Indo-EuropeanB.Sino-TibetanC.Afro-AsiaticD.Caucasian

43.Thefounderofgenerallinguisticsis______.A.ChomskyB.HallidayC.BloomfieldD.Saussure

44.Modernlinguisticsfocusesonthepresent-daylanguage,anditwillbepossibletodescribelanguagefroma______perspective.A.sociologicalB.synchronicC.diachronicD.psychological45.Thefourmajormodesofsemanticchangeare______.A.extension,narrowing,elevationanddegradationB.extension,generalization,elevationanddegradationC.extension,narrowing,specializationanddegradationD.extension,elevation,ameliorationanddegradation46.Diphthongsarecharacterizedby______.

A.glidingB.voicingC.aspirationD.stress47.Thebasicunitinthestudyofmorphologyis______.A.theinternalstructureB.morpheme

C.therulesbywhichwordsareformedD.word

48.Therelationbetween"food"and"bread"iscalled______.A.synonymyB.polysemyC.homonymyD.hyponymy49.Theconsonantsound[v]isdescribedas______.

A.voicelesslabiodentalfricativeB.voiceddentalfricativeC.voicedlabiodentalfricativeD.voicedaffricate

50.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacompoundword?

A.Pencilbox.B.Unreasonable.C.Deadline.D.Upstairs.51.Therelationofthetwoclausesinacoordinatesentenceis______.A.oneissubordinatetotheotherB.theyholdunequalstatus

C.theyarestructurallyequalpartsofthesentenceD.theyareincorporated

52.______dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandnon-linguisticworldofexperience.

A.SenseB.ReferenceC.Symbol

D.Thought

53.Thesentence"Ifireyou!"belongstothespeechactcategoryof______.A.expressivesB.directivesC.representativesD.declarations54.Generallinguisticsisthescientificstudyof______.A.languageofacertainindividualB.theEnglishlanguage

C.humanlanguagesingenera]

D.thesystemofaparticularlanguage

55.Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesin______.A.theplaceofarticulationB.theobstructionofairstreamsC.thepositionofthetongueD.theshapeofthelips56.Theprefix"ex-"asin"ex-wife"or"ex-president"wasborrowedintoEnglishfrom_______.A.LatinB.GreekC.FrenchD.Celtic57.Nasalsoundsareproducedwhenthesoftpalate______.A.isloweredB.israisedC.vibratesD.moves

58.______isconcernedwiththestudyoftheactualuseoflanguageincommunication.A.SociolinguisticsB.Semantics

C.PragmaticsD.Synchroniclinguistics59.Whereistheprimarystressofthewordphonology?A.pho.B.no.C.lo.D.gy.60.______referstotheutteranceofasentencewithdeterminatesenseandreference.A.LocutionaryactB.Illocutinaryact

C.PerlocutionaryactD.Speechact61.Whichofthefollowingwordsisbuiltbyback-formation?A.Smog.B.Fridge.C.Motel.D.Edit.62.WhatisthefullformofLAD?

A.Languageassociativedistrict.C.Languageassociativedevice.

B.Languageacquisitiondistrict.D.languageacquisitiondevice.

63.Thesemanticcomponentsoftheword"man"canbeexpressedas______.A.+animate,+human,+male,-adultB.+animate,+human,+male,+adultC.+animate,+human,-male,-adultD.+animate,+human,-male,+adult64.OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout______words.A.30,000to40,000B.50,000to60,000C.70,000to80,000D.80,000to90,00065.Productivityisoneofthe______oflanguage.

A.distinctivefeaturesB.designfeaturesC.SuprasegmentalfeaturesD.pragmaticfeatures66.Whatisthecommonfeatureofthethreesounds:[d],[s],[n]?A.Voiceless.B.Voiced,C.Nasal.D.Alveolar.

67.WhichofthefollowingitemsisNOToneofthegrammaticalcategoriesofEnglish

pronouns?

A.Gender.B.Number.C.Case.D.Voice.68.Intheword"internationalism",whichpartistheroot?A.interB.nationC.alD.ism69.Thatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenlanguageandtherealworldistheviewof______concerningthestudyofmeaning.

A.namingtheory

B.conceptualist

C.contextualistD.behaviorist

70.Theword"pen"originallymeant"featherusedforwritingwithink".Nowitreferstoanydeviseusedforwritingwithink.Thisisanexampleof______.A.degradationofmeaningB.broadeningofmeaningC.narrowingofmeaningD.elevationofmeaning71.Theword"taxi"isformedthrough______.

A.backformationB.blendingC.clippingD.derivation

72.Ingeneral,languageacquisitionreferstochildren"sdevelopmentoftheir______language.A.firstB.second

C.dialectalD.individualized

73.Thelefthemisphereofhumanbrainisresponsibleforthefunctionof______.A.languageandspeechB.calculation

C.analytic"reasoningandassociativethoughts

D.alloftheabove

74.BlackEnglishhadanumberof______distinctivefeaturesinitsphonological,mor

phologicalandsyntacticsystems.

A.rule-governedB.arbitraryC.unsystematicD.bothAandR75.______isnotapairofhomophones.

A.bean,beenB.beat,beetC.flea,fleeD.bow,bow

76.Ingeneral,languagecharacteristicsof______registerismoreoftenusedinthewritten

formthaninthespokenform.

A.informalB.formal

C.neutralD.alloftheabove77."Dimsum"isof______origin.

A.ScottishB.KoreanC.JapaneseD.Chinese

78.WhichofthefollowingisNOTanobviouscauseoflanguagechange?A.Therapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.B.Thewayoflanguageteaching.

C.Thewayofchildren"slanguageacquisition.D.Economyofmemory.

79.Inanarrowersense,anindividualspeaker"sidiolectismadeupofsuchfactoras_______.

A.voicequalityandpitchB.pitchandrhythm

C.voiceandrhythmD.voice,pitchandrhythm80.Whenthesuffix______isaddedtoaverb,itchangesthisverbintoanadjective.A.-lessB.-nessC.-fullyD.-er81.Thefunctionofthesentence"Lovelyweather,isn"tit?"is______.A.informativeB.phaticC.performativeD.recreational

82.Oncethenotionof______wastakenintoconsideration,semanticsspilledinto

pragmatics.

A.meaningB.contextC.formD.content

83.WhichofthefollowingcriteriacanNOTbeusedtoclassifyvowels?A.Thepartofthetonguethatisheldhighest.B.Theopennessofthemouth.

C.Thevibrationofthevocalcords.D.Theshapeofthelips.

84.Thereare______maximsunderthecooperativeprinciple.A.2B.3C.4D.585.Children"slanguageacquisitionis______oflanguage.A.thememorizationofwords

B.chieflytheinternalizationofindividualsentencesC.primarilytheacquiringofthegrammaticalsystemD.generallyabunchofutterance

86."Buy"and"sell"formapairof______.A.conversivesB.gradableantonymsC.complementaryantonymsD.markedantonyms

87.Ifaphonemeissubstitutedforanotherinawordandthesubstitutionresultsinachangeofthewordmeaning,thetwophonemesaresaidtobe______.A.minimalpairB.minimalsetC.distinctivephonemesD.distinctivefeatures88.______isaphrasewhichcanonlybeunderstoodasaunit,notasasummationofthemeaningofeachconstituentword.

A.CollocationB."IdiomC.Semanticcomponent

D.Synonym

89.TheGreatVowelShiftoccurredattheendof______.A.OldEnglishperiodB.MiddleEnglishperiodC.ModemEnglishperiodD.Middleages

90.______isapairofcontraryantonyms.A.wild,tameB.nimble,lameC.cold,warmD.alive,dead

91.Whatkindoftoneisusedwhenastraightforwardmatter-of-factstatementisuttered?A.Therisingtone.B.Thefallingtone.C.Thefalling-risingtone.D.Theflattone.92.Thelanguageoffemalesisfeaturedby______.A.moreprestigiousformB.morepoliteandindirectlanguageC.morespecificcolortermsD.alloftheabove93.Themostimportantperiodforfirstlanguageacquisitionis______.A.adulthoodB.teenageperiodC.primaryschoolyearsD.pre-schoolyears

94.Thenumberofpidginspeakersintheworldis______.A.about6millionB.about12millionC.over12millionD.somewherebetween6-12million95.InEnglish-languagespeechcommunities,themostobvioustaboowordsarerelatedtoA.religion,sex,sexorgansB.religion,sex,excrementC.sex,sexorgans,excrementD.religion,sexorgans,excrement

96.Hallidayfocusesonthesocialaspectoflanguage,regardinglanguageasaformof_______.

A.knowingB.doingC.thinkingD.thinkinganddoing97.WhichofthefollowingEnglishsoundsisNOTbilabial?A.[b].B.[m].C.[p].D.[f].98.______canbeusedindependentlywithoutbeingcombinedwithothermorphemes.A.FreemorphemesB.BoundmorphemesC.AffixesD.Roots99.Whichofthefollowingwordsisaderivationalone?

A.Blackboard.B.Sings.C.Astonishment.D.Boys.100.JohnAustinproposed______inthelate1950"s.A.SpeechActTheoryB.7typesofmeaningC.CooperativePrincipleD.Predicationanalysis101.Japaneseuses______writingsystem.

A.wordB.syllabicalphabetC.alphabeticD.syllabic102.The______varietyofdiglossiaisusedformoreformalorseriousmatter.A.formalB.informalC.highD.low103.Whichofthefollowingisavoicelessbilabialstop?A.[w].B.[m].C.[b].D.[p].104.______isNOTagrammaticalcategoryofEnglishverbs.A.TenseB.AspectC.VoiceD.Gender105.Allwordscontaina______.

A.rootB.boundmorphemeC.prefix

D.suffix

106.Ofthefollowingword-formationprocesses,______isthemostproductive.A.clippingB.blendingC.initialismD.derivation

107.ThemostwidespreadandfamiliarethnicvarietyoftheEnglishlanguageis______.

A.BritishEnglishB.AmericanEnglishC.BlackEnglishD.CanadianEnglish108.______isNOTincludedinLeech"sassociativemeaning.A.ConnotativemeaningB.SocialmeaningC.CollocativemeaningD.Thematicmeaning

109.______modifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethespeechoftheoriginalword.

A.PrefixesC.Roots

B.SuffixesD.Affixes

110.Theword______isusuallyNOTusedbyBritishpeople.A."tube"B."pub"C."railroad"D."taxi"

111.Themaximofqualityrequires-.donotsaywhatyoubelievetobe______.A.falseB.true

C.indirectD.insufficient112.Canadaisawell-knownbilingualcountrywhereboth______areofficiallanguages.A.EnglishandSpanishB.EnglishandPortugueseC.EnglishandFrenchD.EnglishandRussian113.Linguistictabooreflects______.

A.socialtabooB.socialconventionC.habitD.law114.Whichofthefollowingwordsisafunctionalword?

A.Often.B.Nice.C.Desk.D.Although.

115.Bytheageof______,childrenhavecompletedthegreaterpartofthelanguage

acquisitionprocess.

A.5B.6C.4D.3116.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthefunctionoflanguage?A.Metalingualfunction.B.Interpersonalfunction.C.Emotivefunction.D.Culturaltransmission.117.“Wecandothingswithwords”isthemainideaof______.A.thespeechacttheoryB.theco-operativeprinciples

C.thepoliteprinciplesD.pragmatics118.Motelisa(n)______.

A.abbreviationC.blending

B.coinageD.acronym

119.______isNOTapairofhomophones.A."Fair"(lovely)and"fair"(aregulargatheringofpeopleforbarterandsaleofgoods)B."Flea"(anyofvarioussmall,wingless,bloodsuckinginsects)and"flee"(toescape)C."Lead"(toguide)and"lead"(metalofadullbluish-greycolorthatmeltseasily)D."compliment"(anexpressionofpraise,admiration,orcongratulation)and

"complement"(somethingthatcompletes,makesupawhole,orbringstoperfection)120.TheIndo-Europeanfamilyhas______subfamilies.A.8C.10

21

B.9D.11

1.10:CBADC,BDBBA21-30:ACCCC,DDDBD41-50:CBDBAABDCB61-70:DDBAB,DDBBB81-90:BBCCC,ACBBD101-110:BCDDA,DCDAC","p":{"h":17.043,"w":185.618,"x":135.036,"y":275.683,"z":42},"ps":null,"s":{"letter-spacing":"-0.084"},"t":"word","r":[2]},

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